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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

194.5K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Drug Absorption Mechanism: Passive Membrane Transport01:23

Drug Absorption Mechanism: Passive Membrane Transport

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Passive transport is a method of drug absorption where small, lipid-soluble drugs can move across the cell membrane. This movement happens along the concentration gradient, which is a natural flow from higher to lower concentration areas. The speed at which the drug moves is directly related to its lipid–water partition coefficient. This means that the more a drug dissolves in lipids, the faster it diffuses or spreads throughout the body. It is important to note that most drugs are either...
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Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution
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Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution

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Diffusive exit rates through pores in membrane-enclosed structures.

Zitao Yang1, Elena F Koslover2

  • 1La Jolla Country Day School, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America.

Physical Biology
|January 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new model estimates particle release rates from intracellular structures. Small, low-density pores efficiently release particles, while longer channels reduce release rates and dependence on pore density.

Keywords:
diffusionintracellular transportion channelskineticsmembranesnarrow escapepermeability

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Intracellular structures rely on particle release through membrane pores.
  • Release rate is influenced by pore size, density, and channel length.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a model for estimating particle release rates from intracellular structures.
  • To analyze the impact of channel parameters on release efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a simple approximate model for release rate estimation.
  • Validated the model using stochastic simulations.
  • Applied the model to estimate channel density in endoplasmic reticulum tubules.

Main Results:

  • Low pore density is sufficient for substantial particle release from small pores.
  • Increased channel length reduces release rates and dependence on channel density.
  • Estimated channel density for calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum.

Conclusions:

  • The model provides an effective way to estimate particle release rates.
  • Channel geometry significantly impacts particle efflux efficiency.
  • Findings offer insights into calcium signaling dynamics in the endoplasmic reticulum.