Three-Dimensional Force System
Three-Dimensional Force System:Problem Solving
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Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Direct Force Measurements of Subcellular Mechanics in Confinement using Optical Tweezers
Published on: August 31, 2021
Maximilian Neidhardt1, Robin Mieling2, Marcel Bengs1
1Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, Hamburg, 21073, Germany.
Accurately estimating forces in robotic surgery is difficult. This study uses optical coherence tomography and deep learning to estimate forces by analyzing tissue deformation and stiffness, improving accuracy for minimally invasive procedures.
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