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Related Concept Videos

Specific Heat01:16

Specific Heat

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The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Joule-Thomson Effect

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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation
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Giant electrocaloric effect in a molecular ceramic.

Hao-Ran Ji1, Ru-Jie Zhou1, Jie Yao1

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This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new form of molecular electrocaloric materials for solid-state refrigeration. These new polycrystalline molecular ceramics offer excellent electrocaloric effect (ECE) performance in a readily processable, large-scale format.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • The electrocaloric effect (ECE) offers efficient, eco-friendly solid-state refrigeration.
  • Current molecular ECE materials are limited to thin films or single crystals, hindering large-scale application.
  • Material mass is crucial for efficient energy transfer in cooling processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new, scalable form for molecular electrocaloric materials.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of using polycrystalline molecular ceramics for ECE applications.
  • To achieve high ECE performance in a readily processable material.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of polycrystalline molecular ceramics from plastic molecular ferroelectrics.
  • Characterization of the electrocaloric properties of the synthesized ceramics.
  • Low-temperature pressing process (around 373 K) to form ceramic blocks without adhesives.

Main Results:

  • An HQReO4 molecular ceramic demonstrated an isothermal entropy change of 5.8 J K-1 kg-1 and an adiabatic temperature change of 3.1 K.
  • The ceramic block exhibited ECE performance comparable to single crystals.
  • Successful fabrication of large-mass molecular ceramics via a simple, low-temperature pressing method.

Conclusions:

  • Polycrystalline molecular ceramics represent a promising new form for electrocaloric materials.
  • This approach overcomes the limitations of thin films and single crystals for large-scale ECE applications.
  • The developed material and processing method open new avenues for efficient solid-state refrigeration.