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Related Concept Videos

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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
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Hormonal Contraceptives and Post-fertilization Effects.

Marta M S Calçada1, Anderson M R Alves2

  • 1Marta M. S. Calçada is a religious sister at the "Fraternidade Arca de Maria". She obtained a degree in Chemical Engineering and a Master's degree in Biologic Engineering from the IST of the University of Lisbon, Portugal. She also obtained a Bachelor's degree in Theology from the UCP in Petrópolis - RJ, Brazil.

Issues in Law & Medicine
|January 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormonal contraceptives may increase embryo loss after fertilization. This review examines the mechanisms of action for common birth control methods and their impact on early pregnancy outcomes.

Keywords:
AbortifacientEmbryo lossHormonal contraceptivesOvulation inhibitionPost-fertilization effect

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Hormonal contraceptives are extensively utilized for both birth control and medical treatments.
  • Understanding their precise mechanisms of action is crucial for assessing potential side effects.

Approach:

  • This study performed a scoping review of selected literature on hormonal contraceptives.
  • It focused on the mechanisms of action for the three primary classes of hormonal contraceptives.
  • Associated biological consequences and parameters were also analyzed.

Key Points:

  • The review synthesized information on how different hormonal contraceptives function.
  • It examined various biological effects linked to their usage.
  • The analysis specifically investigated the potential for embryo loss.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence suggests that hormonal contraceptives can lead to embryo loss.
  • This loss is primarily attributed to post-fertilization effects, impacting early pregnancy viability.