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Related Concept Videos

Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

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The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
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Mass Spectrometers01:16

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This lesson details the instrumentation of a mass spectrometer—a physical instrument to perform mass spectrometry on analyte molecules and record the characteristic mass spectra. This is achieved via three chief functions:
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Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

Mass Analyzers: Overview

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The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
766
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
555
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

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In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments
11:47

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

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[Decomposing a Beam Profile Constancy into Energy and Symmetry Components and Its Evaluation Using an Ionization

Daisaku Tatsumi1, Hiroshi Okuda2, Yuji Yamamoto2

  • 1Miyakojima IGRT Clinic.

Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi
|January 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A new method decomposes linac beam profile constancy into energy and symmetry components. This validated formulation simplifies quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) for profile constancy testing.

Keywords:
beam energybeam profilebeam symmetryionization chamber arrayquality assurance

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Physics

Context:

  • AAPM TG 142 defines profile constancy in radiotherapy.
  • Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) are critical in radiation therapy.

Purpose:

  • To propose a new formulation to decompose profile constancy into energy and symmetry constancies.
  • To validate this formulation using an IC profiler (ICP) and various experimental conditions.

Summary:

  • The study proposes a method to decompose linac beam profile constancy into energy and symmetry terms by measuring beam profiles with an IC profiler.
  • Lateral inversion of profiles cancels asymmetry, allowing for separate energy and symmetry constancy calculations.
  • Validation showed agreement within 0.1-0.2% between calculated and measured constancies under varied conditions.

Impact:

  • This formulation enables efficient QA/QC for linac beam profile constancy.
  • It provides a more detailed understanding of beam profile variations.
  • The method offers a validated approach for ensuring radiotherapy accuracy and safety.