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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
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Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions
07:59

An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions

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Orchestration of tissue shape changes and gene expression patterns in development.

Koichiro Uriu1, Luis G Morelli2

  • 1Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|January 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tissue shape changes drive morphogenesis by influencing gene expression. This review explores how mechanical forces and cell behaviors in vertebrate somitogenesis impact dynamic gene patterns during development.

Keywords:
Presomitic mesodermSegmentation clockSomiteZebrafish

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Biophysics
  • Systems biology

Background:

  • Morphogenesis involves complex tissue shape changes and dynamic gene expression.
  • Understanding these processes requires analyzing mechanical properties like tissue rigidity and cell behaviors.
  • Neighboring cell interactions and tissue shape alterations significantly impact gene expression patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of tissue elongation in vertebrate somitogenesis.
  • To explore the influence of tissue shape changes on dynamic gene expression patterns.
  • To highlight the role of theoretical approaches in understanding tissue morphogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on vertebrate somitogenesis.
  • Analysis of mechanical and biochemical properties driving tissue elongation.
  • Discussion of patterning mechanisms under cell mixing and dynamic gene expression waves.

Main Results:

  • Tissue elongation is driven by specific mechanical and biochemical properties.
  • Cell mixing, signaling gradient scaling, and rhythmic gene expression waves are influenced by tissue shape changes.
  • Theoretical models are crucial for linking tissue shape dynamics to developmental patterning.

Conclusions:

  • Tissue shape changes are integral to morphogenesis and influence dynamic gene expression.
  • Vertebrate somitogenesis provides a key model for studying these coupled processes.
  • Integrating mechanical, cellular, and genetic perspectives, aided by theoretical frameworks, is essential for advancing developmental biology.