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Migration direction in a songbird explained by two loci.

Kristaps Sokolovskis1, Max Lundberg2, Susanne Åkesson2

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Bird migration direction is genetically controlled. A study on willow warblers found two genes influencing migration, with one dominant gene explaining most of the variation, ensuring hybrids follow established routes.

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Area of Science:

  • * Evolutionary biology
  • * Ornithology
  • * Behavioral genetics

Background:

  • * Bird migration routes are species-specific and genetically determined.
  • * The genetic underpinnings of migratory direction in songbirds remain largely unknown.
  • * Willow warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus) exhibit distinct migratory pathways, with a hybrid swarm forming at a Swedish migratory divide.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the genetic basis of migratory direction in willow warblers.
  • * To identify the inheritance patterns and genetic loci controlling migration direction.
  • * To understand how genetic factors influence the maintenance of migratory divides.

Main Methods:

  • * Tracking and genotyping of willow warblers from a migratory divide in Sweden.
  • * Analysis of migratory routes of South-West and South-East migrating subspecies and their hybrids.
  • * Statistical modeling to determine inheritance patterns and genetic contributions to migration direction.

Main Results:

  • * Migration direction in willow warblers follows a dominant inheritance pattern.
  • * Epistatic interaction between two genetic loci explains 74% of the variation in migration direction.
  • * Hybrid offspring predominantly migrate along established parental routes, avoiding intermediate, potentially suboptimal paths.

Conclusions:

  • * Genetic factors, specifically dominant inheritance with epistasis, play a crucial role in determining bird migration direction.
  • * Hybridization does not necessarily lead to intermediate migratory routes, mitigating potential fitness costs.
  • * These findings have significant implications for understanding the evolutionary processes that maintain distinct migratory populations and narrow migratory divides.