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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
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The gut microbiome and hypertension.

Joanne A O'Donnell1, Tenghao Zheng1, Guillaume Meric2

  • 1Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Nature Reviews. Nephrology
|January 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiome influences blood pressure through beneficial or detrimental metabolites and gut barrier integrity. Research is advancing to establish causality and develop microbiome-based therapies for hypertension.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Cardiovascular physiology
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • Growing evidence links the gut microbiome to blood pressure regulation.
  • Recent studies have shifted from association to causation using germ-free models and metabolite analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome regulates blood pressure.
  • To identify challenges and future directions in microbiome research for hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing germ-free animal models.
  • Employing antibiotic treatments.
  • Administering microbial metabolite supplementation.

Main Results:

  • Gut dysbiosis alters host gene pathways and metabolite profiles (e.g., SCFAs, TMAO).
  • Microbial metabolites activate signaling pathways (e.g., GPCRs) and immune cells.
  • Gut barrier dysfunction leads to systemic inflammation and impacts the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and autonomic nervous system.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiome plays a causal role in blood pressure regulation through diverse mechanisms.
  • Addressing methodological challenges is crucial for advancing microbiome research.
  • Precision microbiome medicine and computational approaches offer translational potential for lowering blood pressure.