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Primary Production01:06

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity includes all branches of the evolutionary tree from single-celled prokaryotic organisms, bacteria, and archaea, to the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants; animals; fungi; and protists. To date, there have been about 1.75 million species identified, and new species are discovered every week.
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Diversity of Protists IV01:27

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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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Benthic composition changes on coral reefs at global scales.

Sterling B Tebbett1,2,3, Sean R Connolly4,5,6, David R Bellwood7,4,5

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Coral reefs globally face significant human-induced stressors, leading to reduced hard coral cover and increased algal dominance, especially in the Western Atlantic. Understanding these changes is crucial for managing future coral reef ecosystems.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Ecology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Coral reefs are vital ecosystems threatened by intensifying human-induced stressors.
  • Understanding future coral reef composition is essential for maintaining ecosystem functions and services.
  • The trajectory of global coral reef benthic communities remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze global coral reef benthic community changes over 22 years.
  • To identify regional patterns in coral cover decline and macroalgal proliferation.
  • To understand the relationship between hard coral cover loss and low-lying algal increases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a global dataset of 24,468 observations from 1997 to 2018.
  • Analyzed changes in hard coral cover and macroalgal cover.
  • Compared data across different reef regions, focusing on the Western Atlantic and Central Pacific.

Main Results:

  • Significant declines in hard coral cover were observed globally, particularly in the Western Atlantic and Central Pacific.
  • High macroalgal cover, indicative of degraded reefs, was predominantly found in the Western Atlantic.
  • Global average hard coral cover decreased from 36% to 19% between 1998 and 2017.
  • Decreased hard coral cover was associated with increased low-lying algal cover, including algal turfs and crustose coralline algae.

Conclusions:

  • Global coral reefs are experiencing significant shifts in benthic community structure.
  • The decline in hard coral cover is linked to the rise of low-lying algal communities.
  • Effective management of Anthropocene coral reefs requires enhanced understanding of these reef changes.