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Guessing can benefit memory for related word pairs even when feedback is delayed
Katarzyna Zawadzka1,2, Oliwia Zaborowska3, Ewa Butowska3
1Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Szamarzewskiego 89AB, 60-568, Poznań, Poland. k.n.zawadzka@gmail.com.
Memory & Cognition
|January 12, 2023
Summary
Guessing improves learning, even with delayed feedback, when learners are reminded of the study context. This finding applies to simple materials like word pairs, challenging previous assumptions about immediate feedback.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Psychology
- Educational Psychology
- Learning Sciences
Background:
- Guessing can enhance future learning through corrective feedback.
- The effectiveness of guessing as a learning strategy is influenced by feedback timing (immediate vs. delayed).
- Previous research indicated guessing benefits simpler materials (e.g., word pairs) only with immediate feedback.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate if guessing benefits learning of related word pairs with delayed feedback.
- To explore the role of context reinstatement in mediating the effects of delayed feedback on guessing.
- To test the generalizability of guessing benefits beyond immediate feedback scenarios.
Main Methods:
- Two experiments were conducted using related word pairs superimposed on context pictures.
- Experiment 1 manipulated context match between study and test phases.
- Experiment 2 manipulated feedback timing and context reinstatement at feedback delivery.
Main Results:
- Contrary to prior findings, guessing benefited learning of word pairs even with delayed feedback.
- Delayed feedback benefits were observed when participants were reminded of the guessing phase via reinstated contexts.
- Context reinstatement at feedback delivery is crucial for delayed feedback benefits.
Conclusions:
- Guessing can be an effective learning strategy for simple materials even with delayed feedback.
- Context reinstatement plays a critical role in facilitating learning benefits from delayed feedback after guessing.
- Findings extend theories of memory reminding and constrain theories on the benefits of guessing.
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