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Related Concept Videos

Volcanoes01:29

Volcanoes

VolcanoesVolcanoes are openings in the Earth's surface where molten rock, ash, and gases erupt. This molten rock, called magma when it's inside the Earth, is called lava when it erupts. Volcanoes are usually found where tectonic plates are moving apart or colliding. The type of eruption depends on the magma's composition, how much gas it contains, and how easily the lava flows. Volcanoes are important to understand because, while they can pose hazards and be destructive, they can also create...
Supervolcanoes01:11

Supervolcanoes

SupervolcanoesSupervolcanoes are rare but powerful volcanoes that can cause massive eruptions. Unlike regular volcanoes that often form cone-shaped mountains, supervolcanoes can appear as large, flat depressions called calderas. A well-known example is Crater Lake in Oregon, which was once a towering volcano called Mount Mazama. These calderas form when a large amount of magma is released and the ground above collapses. Though they do not erupt often, supervolcanoes can release huge amounts of...
Volcanic Hot Spots01:26

Volcanic Hot Spots

Volcanic Hot SpotsVolcanoes are openings in the Earth's surface where molten rock, ash, and gases erupt. This molten rock is called magma when it is inside the Earth and lava when it erupts. Volcanoes are usually found at tectonic plate boundaries, where plates are moving apart or colliding. The type of eruption depends on several factors, including the composition of magma, the amount of gas it contains, and how easily the lava flows. Some eruptions are gentle, with slow-moving lava, while...
Volcanic Landforms -II01:26

Volcanic Landforms -II

1
Volcanic_Landforms-IINew land on Earth can form in powerful and surprising ways. One of the main processes is through volcanic eruptions. When a volcano erupts, molten rock called lava flows out onto Earth’s surface. As it cools and hardens, the lava forms new land. These eruptions can happen both on land and under the ocean. When lava erupts underwater, it cools quickly, forming rock that may eventually form islands. The Hawaiian Islands were formed this way. They are made of shield...
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Types of Volcanoes01:22

Types of Volcanoes

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Volcanic Landforms -I01:18

Volcanic Landforms -I

Volcanic Landforms-ILava is molten rock that erupts from beneath Earth's surface. Once it reaches the surface and cools, it hardens into solid rock. These rocks are called extrusive igneous rocks, and they help shape different landforms. Some of the most recognizable landforms made by lava include volcanoes, lava domes, and lava plateaus. Volcanoes can take many forms depending on how the lava flows and how explosive the eruption is. Lava can also erupt through long cracks in the Earth's crust...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt
07:58

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

Published on: August 7, 2017

9.4K

Imaging and seismic modelling inside volcanoes using machine learning.

Gareth Shane O'Brien1, Christopher J Bean2, Hugo Meiland3

  • 1Microsoft Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. gaobrien@microsoft.com.

Scientific Reports
|January 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new deep learning method, the Fourier neural operator (FNO), improves imaging of volcanic subsurface structures. This approach accurately models seismic wave propagation and reveals complex velocity details previously hidden from seismology.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Volcanology
  • Computational Seismology

Background:

  • Imaging subsurface volcanic structures is challenging due to seismic wave scattering by heterogeneities.
  • Current seismological methods struggle to determine wave velocities accurately in complex volcanic environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a deep learning approach for improved seismic imaging of volcanic subsurface.
  • To model and invert seismic signals in volcanic settings using a Fourier neural operator (FNO).

Main Methods:

  • Training a Fourier neural operator (FNO) on over 40,000 simulations of elastic wave propagation in complex volcanic models.
  • Utilizing the trained FNO to accurately predict seismic wave propagation and reconstruct subsurface velocity models from seismograms.

Main Results:

  • The FNO accurately reproduces the full scattered seismic wavefield.
  • The FNO successfully predicts complex subsurface velocity structures, surpassing the capabilities of existing volcano imaging methods.

Conclusions:

  • Deep learning, specifically FNO, offers a powerful new tool for overcoming limitations in volcanic subsurface imaging.
  • This method enhances our understanding of volcanic system dynamics by providing unprecedented detail of internal structures.