Regulation of biofilm formation by non-coding RNA in prokaryotes

Biofilm refers to microbes that associate with each other or to a surface via self-synthesized exopolysaccharides and other surface-related structures. The presence of biofilms consisting of pathogenic microbes in the food and clinical environment can pose a threat to human health as microbes in biofilms are highly robust and are difficult to remove. Understanding the process of biofilm formation is crucial for the development of novel strategies to control or harness biofilm. The complex network of proteins, small RNA, and diverse molecules regulate biofilm formation at different steps in biofilm development, including triggering the switch from planktonic to sessile cells, maturation of biofilms, and eventual dispersion of microbes from the biofilms. Small non-coding RNAs are relatively small RNAs that are not translated into proteins and play diverse roles in metabolism, physiology, pathogenesis, and biofilm formation. In this review, we primarily focused on non-coding regulatory RNA that regulates biofilm formation in clinically relevant pathogens or threatens human health. Even though many ncRNA have recently been identified in Archaea, much characterization work remains. The mechanisms and regulatory processes controlled by ncRNA in prokaryotes are covered in this review.