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Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Conduct Disorder01:28

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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
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Bullying02:04

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A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is...
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Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Stereotype Content Model02:16

Stereotype Content Model

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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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Bystander Effect02:09

Bystander Effect

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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
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Misclassification of Self-Directed Violence.

Tobias Teismann1, Jannik Julian Eimen1, Jan Christopher Cwik2

  • 1Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.

Crisis
|January 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Providing definitions did not improve the classification accuracy of self-directed violence acts. Further methodological training is crucial for psychologists in assessing suicidal issues.

Keywords:
classificationnonsuicidal self-directed violencesuicidesuicide attempt

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Forensic Psychology

Background:

  • Previous research indicates inadequate classification of self-directed violence acts.
  • Expertise level does not correlate with correct classification of self-directed violence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if providing a definition enhances the reliability of classifying self-directed violence acts.
  • To assess the impact of definitions on judgment accuracy in psychological assessments.

Main Methods:

  • 261 participants (psychology students, psychotherapists-in-training) classified case vignettes of self-directed violence.
  • Participants were randomized: half received definitions, half did not.

Main Results:

  • Overall misclassification rate was 24.9%.
  • Providing definitions did not significantly increase classification accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The study underscores the need for enhanced methodological training for psychologists on suicidal issues.
  • Current classification methods for self-directed violence may require refinement.