Design and manufacture of 3D-cylindrical scaffolds based on PLA/TPU/n-HA with the help of dual salt leaching technique suggested for use in cancellous bone tissue engineering

A series of 3-D scaffolds based on polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as major phase and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n-HA) were prepared by using the dual leaching technique. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that almost the interactions between the constituent materials can be identified based on their functional groups. The results of thermogravimetric analysis were used to obtain the best time to prepare the samples without residual of any progen additives. The scanning electron macroscopy images clearly proved that the dual leaching technique is an effective method to prepare the appropriate morphology and also a very good dispersion and distribution for n-HA can be obtained. Dynamic contact angles showed that the presence of TPU in the PLA matrix has a positive effect on the hydrophilicity of the scaffolds. The bulk modulus (κ) values of S-PLA70TPU30H5 in dry and wet conditions were 321 and 212 Pa, respectively and the compressibility coefficient (β) of pure samples was higher than that of other scaffolds, while among the nanocomposite samples, the compressibility coefficient of S-PLA70TPU30H5 and S-PLA50TPU50H5 samples in dry and wet conditions was higher than that of other samples. Biological tests such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium reduction assay, cell adhesion, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) analysis and alizarin red were also performed, and the results obtained for 3D scaffolds were good. In the DAPI analysis test, sample 3D-S-PLA70TPU30H5 showed good behavior, and also in the alizarin red test, the amount of minerals created in 3D-S-PLA50TPU50H5 was significant.