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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

14.6K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

27.1K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
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Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

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Spatially resolved structural order in low-temperature liquid electrolyte.

Yujun Xie1,2,3, Jingyang Wang3,4, Benjamin H Savitzky2

  • 1Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Science Advances
|January 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers visualized short-range order (SRO) in a liquid electrolyte using advanced microscopy and deep learning. This structural order arises from high salt concentrations, offering new insights into liquid electrolytes.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding structural order in liquids is crucial for electrolyte performance.
  • Organic electrolytes are vital for energy storage applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve and characterize short-range order (SRO) in a model organic electrolyte.
  • To investigate the origins of SRO in concentrated electrolyte solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-TEM at -30°C.
  • Four-dimensional scanning TEM (4D-STEM) for high-resolution imaging.
  • Deep learning-based data analysis for structural elucidation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully visualized SRO in a 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in ethylene carbonate:diethylcarbonate electrolyte.
  • Observed liquid phase separation at low temperatures, leading to high-salt concentration domains.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations indicated SRO originates from Li+(PF6-)n (n > 2) local ordering.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates a novel integrated method for characterizing liquid electrolyte structures.
  • High LiPF6 salt concentration induces significant short-range order in organic electrolytes.
  • Findings provide fundamental insights into electrolyte behavior for battery applications.