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Related Concept Videos

Feedback control systems01:26

Feedback control systems

373
Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...
373
Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

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Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
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Cell Signaling Feedback Loops01:07

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

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Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
Negative feedback loops
Most signaling systems have negative feedback loops that can perform different functions such as output limiter, and adaptation.
Output limiter
Upon receiving an input signal, the cellular response rapidly increases until a threshold is reached. Beyond this threshold, a negative feedback loop...
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Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

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Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
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Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
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Control Systems01:10

Control Systems

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Control systems are everywhere in contemporary society, influencing diverse applications from aerospace to automated manufacturing. These systems can be found naturally within biological processes, such as blood sugar regulation and heart rate adjustment in response to stress, as well as in man-made systems like elevators and automated vehicles. A control system is essentially a network of subsystems and processes that collaboratively convert specific inputs into desired outputs.
At the heart...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

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Biomolecular feedback controllers: from theory to applications.

Maurice Filo1, Ching-Hsiang Chang1, Mustafa Khammash1

  • 1Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel-Stadt, Basel 4058, Switzerland.

Current Opinion in Biotechnology
|January 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Nature

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Control Theory

Background:

  • Biological systems utilize complex genetic regulatory mechanisms for precise control in noisy environments.
  • Feedback control mechanisms in cells provide homeostasis, noise reduction, and high dynamic performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review biomolecular feedback controllers.
  • To highlight their characteristics and impact.
  • To explore applications in biotechnology, medicine, and synthetic biology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on biomolecular feedback controllers.
  • Analysis of control theory principles applied to biological systems.

Main Results:

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  • Identification of various biomolecular feedback controller types.
  • Characterization of their functional properties and advantages.
  • Discussion of their potential applications and impact.

    • Conclusions:

    • Biomolecular feedback controllers are crucial for robust biological functions.
    • Interdisciplinary approaches combining systems biology and control theory are key to designing novel systems.
    • These controllers offer significant promise for advancing biotechnology, medicine, and synthetic biology.