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Prolonged microgravity induces reversible and persistent changes on human cerebral connectivity.

Steven Jillings1, Ekaterina Pechenkova2, Elena Tomilovskaya3

  • 1Lab for Equilibrium Investigations and Aerospace, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. steven.jillings@uantwerpen.be.

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Prolonged spaceflight alters brain connectivity, particularly in key sensory and cognitive hubs. These changes persist after returning to Earth, highlighting neuroplasticity during and after microgravity exposure.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Space Medicine
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Continued manned space missions necessitate understanding microgravity's impact on the human brain.
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is crucial for tracking neuroplasticity during spaceflight.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate longitudinal changes in functional brain connectivity in cosmonauts during and after spaceflight.
  • To assess the brain's adaptive neuroplasticity in response to prolonged microgravity.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired resting-state fMRI data from cosmonauts before, immediately after, and eight months post-flight.
  • Analyzed global functional connectivity changes in multimodal brain hubs.
  • Compared changes in cosmonauts with a matched control group.

Main Results:

  • Persisting decreases in connectivity were observed in the posterior cingulate cortex and thalamus.
  • Persistent increases in connectivity were noted in the right angular gyrus.
  • Bilateral insular cortex connectivity decreased post-flight but reversed at follow-up, unlike controls.

Conclusions:

  • Altered gravitational environments induce longitudinal changes in functional brain connectivity.
  • These adaptations reflect the brain's response to novel sensory input during microgravity.
  • Findings offer insights into brain modifications during spaceflight and upon return to Earth.