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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Metastasis02:30

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Invadosome is a broad category of cell surface structures with proteolytic activity that  degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadosomes are present in normal cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and neurons, as well as tumor cells. Although the macrophage podosomes and tumor cell invadopodia are classified as invadosomes, they have different structures, molecular pathways, and functions. Podosomes are short structures that last for a few minutes. However,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts
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Stroma-derived miR-214 coordinates tumor dissemination.

Francesca Orso1,2,3, Federico Virga1,2,4,5, Daniela Dettori1,2

  • 1Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research : CR
|January 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Stroma-derived microRNA-214 (miR-214), released via extracellular vesicles, promotes breast cancer and melanoma metastasis. Targeting miR-214 in the tumor microenvironment offers new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
CrosstalkExtracellular vesicles (EVs)IL-6Metastasis formationStromamiR-214

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Tumor progression involves complex interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are key components of the TME influencing malignancy.
  • MicroRNAs (miRs) play critical roles in regulating gene expression within cancer and its surrounding environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of miR-214 in the stroma of breast cancer and melanoma.
  • To evaluate the impact of miR-214 on tumor formation, dissemination, and metastatic traits.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of miR-214 transfer from stroma to cancer cells.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of miR-214 expression in human cancer and metastasis samples.
  • In vivo studies using miR-214 overexpressing and knockout mice.
  • In vitro experiments using conditioned medium and extracellular vesicles (EVs) from stroma cells.

Main Results:

  • miR-214 expression correlates with CAFs and MSCs in human tumors.
  • Overexpression of miR-214 enhances tumor metastasis, while its depletion impairs it.
  • Stroma-derived EVs containing miR-214 promote cancer cell migration and invasion via IL-6/STAT3 signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Stroma-derived miR-214, released through EVs, is crucial for tumor dissemination.
  • This highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting miR-214 within the TME.
  • Future interventions could focus on modulating miR-214 in the tumor microenvironment.