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Related Concept Videos

Schemas01:42

Schemas

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
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Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
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Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
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Constructing complex social categories under uncertainty.

Alice Xia1, Sarah H Solomon2, Sharon L Thompson-Schill2

  • 1Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI 02912, United States.

Cognition
|January 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People form perceptions of social categories by combining simpler concepts, with familiarity influencing whether they use logical or stereotype-based reasoning. This study explores how we build complex social understandings from basic traits.

Keywords:
Attribute perceptionsConceptual combinationImpression formationSocial conceptsUncertainty

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Cognition
  • Computational Social Science

Background:

  • Conceptual combination forms complex ideas from simpler ones.
  • Research on compound objects is extensive, but social category combination is less understood.
  • Understanding social category inference is key to social cognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate inference processes for compound social categories (e.g., nationality-occupation).
  • Examine the role of constituent concept attributes (warmth, competence) in social combinations.
  • Compare social category combination with non-social (animal) category combination.

Main Methods:

  • Computational analysis of ratings for 25 nationality-occupation combinations.
  • Assessed attribute ratings (warmth, competence) of constituent concepts.
  • Used non-human animal combinations (size, ferocity) as a control.

Main Results:

  • People incorporate uncertainty into perceptions of compound social categories.
  • Linear combination strategies are used with high constituent certainty and low familiarity.
  • Familiarity leads to stereotype-based judgments deviating from combinatorial predictions.
  • Familiarity impacts social and non-social concept combination differently.

Conclusions:

  • Stereotype-based knowledge is crucial for representing familiar complex social groups.
  • Distinct mechanisms may exist for constructing social versus non-social categories.
  • Familiarity modulates cognitive strategies in conceptual combination.