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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

1.9K
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
1.9K
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

23.1K
When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
23.1K
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

526
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
526
Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

Thermometers and Temperature Scales

5.6K
Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
5.6K
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

6.8K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
6.8K
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

1.9K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

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A data integration framework for spatial interpolation of temperature observations using climate model data.

Theo Economou1, Georgia Lazoglou1, Anna Tzyrkalli1

  • 1Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.

Peerj
|January 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a Bayesian framework to integrate meteorological station data with climate model outputs, improving weather and climate change analysis. The method addresses data gaps and errors for more reliable predictions in climate change hotspots.

Keywords:
Bayesian modelsBias correctionData blendingOutliersPenalised splinesSpatial extrapolationStatistical downscaling

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Meteorological station data are crucial for weather and climate change studies but suffer from spatial gaps and data quality issues (outliers, missing values).
  • Climate model (reanalysis) data offer better spatial coverage but introduce biases.
  • Integrating these diverse data sources is essential for robust climate analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a probabilistic Bayesian framework for integrating meteorological station measurements and climate model data.
  • To address limitations of individual data sources, including spatial gaps, erroneous outliers, and biases.
  • To enable predictions at any spatial resolution for improved climate change assessment.

Main Methods:

  • A Bayesian probabilistic framework was developed to fuse temperature measurements with climate model reanalysis data.
  • The framework inherently accounts for data biases and erroneous outliers.
  • It facilitates uncertainty quantification and simulation-based inference.

Main Results:

  • The proposed model effectively identifies outliers and imputes missing values in meteorological data.
  • Non-linear bias correction was achieved, enhancing the accuracy of integrated data.
  • The framework demonstrated successful downscaling and aggregation to various spatial configurations.

Conclusions:

  • The Bayesian framework provides a robust method for integrating disparate meteorological data sources.
  • This approach enhances the reliability of weather and climate change analysis, particularly in data-scarce regions.
  • The model's flexibility allows for predictions at any desired spatial resolution, supporting targeted climate impact assessments.