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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Hyperfunctioning Intrathyroidal Parathyroid: a Misleading Preoperative Diagnosis.

Josefina Carullo1,2, Jacob Bani1, Gerlinde Averous3

  • 1Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Institut de Cancérologie de Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), 17, Rue Albert Calmette, 670933 Strasbourg, France.

Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
|January 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Rarely, hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands can be found within the thyroid. This study highlights three cases of primary hyperparathyroidism caused by intrathyroidal parathyroid glands, emphasizing the need for consideration in challenging surgical cases.

Keywords:
18F-fluorocholine99mTc-MIBIHyperparathyroidismIntrathyroidal parathyroidPETScintigraphy

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands are typically located ectopically or in standard anatomical positions.
  • Intrathyroidal parathyroid glands are rare and can be challenging to identify preoperatively.
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism necessitates accurate localization of abnormal parathyroid tissue for successful treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report on the diagnostic characteristics and clinical implications of hyperfunctioning intrathyroidal parathyroid glands.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering intrathyroidal parathyroid glands in cases of persistent primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • To evaluate the utility of various imaging modalities in detecting these rare ectopic glands.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of three patients with primary hyperparathyroidism due to intrathyroidal parathyroid glands.
  • Review of data from an institutional parathyroid PET/CT registry (2018-2022) including 732 cases.
  • Assessment of imaging findings including ultrasonography, 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy, and PET/CT with 18F-fluorocholine, alongside surgical exploration outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Three cases of primary hyperparathyroidism were identified, linked to hyperfunctioning intrathyroidal parathyroid glands.
  • These glands demonstrated intense 18F-fluorocholine uptake on PET/CT.
  • Ultrasonography showed variable patterns, 99mTc-MIBI uptake was inconstant, and iodine-contrast enhancement was atypical.

Conclusions:

  • Intrathyroidal parathyroid glands are a rare but important cause of primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • High 18F-fluorocholine uptake is a key indicator for these glands.
  • Consideration of intrathyroidal parathyroid glands is crucial when standard preoperative imaging and surgical exploration fail to locate the source of hyperparathyroidism.