Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

79
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
79
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.2K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
1.2K
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

15.7K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
15.7K
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

4.3K
An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
4.3K
siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

16.9K
Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
16.9K
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

6.2K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
6.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Patient Perceptions of Medicare Annual Wellness Visits: Findings From a Pilot Survey.

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society·2026
Same author

EBV Triggers a Distinct Antiviral Response in HMC3 Cells.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Human endogenous retrovirus profiling reveals heterogenous expression in cutaneous melanoma.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

HIV Nef-mediated WAVE2-ARP2/3 inhibition underlies CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell lamellipodial abnormalities and immune dysfunction.

mBio·2026
Same author

Refining Tumor Mutational Burden as a Predictive Biomarker for Pembrolizumab: A Real-World Analysis in Japanese Patients.

Cancer science·2026
Same author

Armored macrophage-targeted CAR-T cells reset and reprogram the tumor microenvironment and control metastatic cancer growth.

Cancer cell·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Immunoblot Analysis of Endogenous IRF5 Dimerization
08:57

Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Immunoblot Analysis of Endogenous IRF5 Dimerization

Published on: October 6, 2019

10.1K

Endogenous Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition Attenuates TLR5-Mediated Inflammation.

Nicholas Dopkins1, Bhavya Singh1, Stephanie Michael1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.

Mbio
|January 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Host immune responses to microbial signals involve transposable elements (TEs). Bacterial flagella stimulate toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), leading to retrotransposons that activate antiviral receptors, influencing host-microbiota communication.

Keywords:
flagellahuman endogenous retrovirus (HERV)innate immunitylong interspersed nuclear element (LINE)toll-like receptors (TLRs)

More Related Videos

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

12.5K
Vasodilation of Isolated Vessels and the Isolation of the Extracellular Matrix of Tight-skin Mice
08:09

Vasodilation of Isolated Vessels and the Isolation of the Extracellular Matrix of Tight-skin Mice

Published on: March 24, 2017

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Immunoblot Analysis of Endogenous IRF5 Dimerization
08:57

Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Immunoblot Analysis of Endogenous IRF5 Dimerization

Published on: October 6, 2019

10.1K
Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

12.5K
Vasodilation of Isolated Vessels and the Isolation of the Extracellular Matrix of Tight-skin Mice
08:09

Vasodilation of Isolated Vessels and the Isolation of the Extracellular Matrix of Tight-skin Mice

Published on: March 24, 2017

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs), including retrotransposons, constitute a significant portion of the human genome.
  • TEs are typically silenced but can be upregulated by microbial immunostimulatory cues.
  • Emerging research suggests TE-derived molecules play a role in host-microbiota immune signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of retrotransposons in host immune responses to microbial stimuli.
  • To explore the mechanism of host-microbiota cross talk mediated by toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5).

Main Methods:

  • Stimulation of human monocytic THP-1 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for TLR4 and bacterial flagella (FLA) for TLR5.
  • Analysis of retrotransposon expression, including human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs).
  • Assessment of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production and the effect of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTi).

Main Results:

  • Immunostimulation of TLR4 and TLR5 altered the expression of retrotransposons.
  • Reverse transcription (RT) of retrotransposons was implicated in the inflammatory response to FLA via TLR5.
  • RT inhibitors reduced TNF-α production in response to FLA.

Conclusions:

  • Host immune signaling via TLR5 involves the reverse transcription of retrotransposons.
  • This retrotransposon-mediated pathway contributes to host-microbiota communication, potentially by activating intrinsic antiviral receptors.
  • Dysbiosis-associated microbial motifs may influence host immunity through endogenous RT upregulation.