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Related Concept Videos

Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Metabolic Characterization of Polarized M1 and M2 Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis
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Glycolytic side pathways regulating macrophage inflammatory phenotypes and functions.

Flávio Dionísio1,2, Lukas Tomas1,2, Christian Schulz1,2

  • 1Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.

American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
|January 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Proinflammatory macrophages use metabolic flexibility, upregulating glycolysis and related pathways like the pentose phosphate pathway, to fuel inflammation and immune responses. These pathways support cellular functions and epigenetic reprogramming for sustained inflammation.

Keywords:
NADPHglycolysisimmunometabolisminflammationmacrophage

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Metabolism

Background:

  • Macrophages are key innate immune cells involved in inflammation and tissue repair.
  • Metabolic flexibility allows macrophages to adapt to diverse functional demands and microenvironments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how specific glycolytic side pathways support the proinflammatory functions of macrophages.
  • To explore the roles of the pentose phosphate pathway, glycerol phosphate shuttle, and serine synthesis pathway in sustaining inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on metabolic pathways in macrophages.
  • Analysis of the contribution of glycolysis and its related pathways to inflammatory responses.

Main Results:

  • Upregulation of glycolysis provides rapid ATP and fuels crucial pathways for inflammation.
  • The pentose phosphate pathway, glycerol phosphate shuttle, and serine synthesis pathway are vital for macrophage inflammatory functions.
  • These pathways influence redox balance and provide substrates for epigenetic reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic flexibility, particularly enhanced glycolysis and associated pathways, is essential for proinflammatory macrophage phenotype and function.
  • Targeting these metabolic pathways could offer strategies for modulating inflammatory diseases.