The antitumour effects of caloric restriction are mediated by the gut microbiome

Calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) without malnutrition reduce the risk of cancer development. Separately, CR and IF can also lead to gut microbiota remodelling. However, whether the gut microbiota has a role in the antitumour effect related to CR or IF is still unknown. Here we show that CR, but not IF, protects against subcutaneous MC38 tumour formation through a mechanism that is dependent on the gut microbiota in female mice. After CR, we identify enrichment of Bifidobacterium through 16S rRNA sequencing of the gut microbiome. Moreover, Bifidobacterium bifidum administration is sufficient to rescue the antitumour effect of CR in microbiota-depleted mice. Mechanistically, B. bifidum mediates the CR-induced antitumour effect through acetate production and this effect is also dependent on the accumulation of interferon-γ⁺CD8⁺ T cells in the tumour microenvironment. Our results demonstrate that CR can modulate the gut taxonomic composition, which should be of oncological significance in tumour growth kinetics and cancer immunosurveillance.