Quantification of global orbital shape variation

The complex anatomy of the orbit generates a complex orbital shape that can only be quantified approximatively by classic linear measurements such as maximum width and height. There is no global three-dimensional quantification of variations in orbital shape. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to quantify a global three-dimensional orbital shape variation in a healthy population and to test a series of explanatory factors. We investigated the hypotheses that orbital shape is related to gender(H1), orbital size(H2) and/or age(H3). Medical computed tomography(CT) images of 60 adult individuals were studied. The study sample consisted of 30 males and 30 females with a mean age of 25.1 years. Four anatomical landmarks and 140 semi-landmarks were measured on both positive and negative 3D reconstructed orbits and analyzed with geometric morphometrics. A principal component analysis(PCA) was computed to define a morphological space. Shape variation was visualized using vector distance maps and diagrams. The greatest variation was seen in the length of the superior orbital fissure. There was a gradient in terms of orbital shape ranging from short, wide orbits to tall, narrow orbits. The analysis did not highlight any significant age-, gender- or size-related impact in terms of orbital shape variation. Future avenues to explore include the study of other potential explanatory factors such as the different embryological origins of the orbital bones, the passage of vessels and nerves, and ethnic origins. This method can also be applied to the study of pathological orbits.