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Longitudinal Research02:20

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Human GenomeThe human genome is a human's complete set of genetic material (DNA). It contains all the instructions needed for growth, development, and function. The genome comprises approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs and 20,000–25,000 genes. Scientists study the human genome to understand inherited traits, genetic disorders, and how genes influence health and disease. The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, mapped all human genes and has led to breakthroughs in medicine, genetic...
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Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
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Human Genetics01:28

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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens
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A call for a Human Exposome Project.

Thomas Hartung1,2

  • 1Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

It is time to launch a Human Exposome Project to systematically catalog environmental and lifestyle exposures impacting human health. This initiative will leverage advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) for comprehensive health threat discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health Sciences
  • Genomics
  • Biomedicine

Background:

  • The Human Genome Project demonstrated the impact of state-funded science on biomedicine.
  • Genetics influences a significant fraction of diseases, but environmental exposures are a major, understudied factor.
  • Understanding genetic and pathogen contributions to disease is advancing, yet the role of exposures remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for the establishment of a comprehensive Human Exposome Project.
  • To systematically explore and catalog the environmental and lifestyle factors influencing human health and disease.
  • To expand our understanding of health threats by investigating the totality of exposures.

Main Methods:

  • Integrating exposomics (analyzing human body fluids) with exposure science and biomonitoring.
  • Utilizing mechanistic understanding and human-relevant microphysiological systems.
  • Leveraging big data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) for data mining and evidence integration, termed exposome intelligence (EI).

Main Results:

  • The proposed Human Exposome Project aims to move beyond scaled exposomics to a holistic assessment of exposures.
  • It will generate exposure hypotheses by integrating diverse data streams.
  • The project seeks to uncover 'unknown unknowns' in health threats.

Conclusions:

  • A coordinated Human Exposome Project is crucial for understanding the largest impactor on human health: exposures.
  • Exposome intelligence (EI), powered by AI, is essential for mining complex data and advancing our knowledge.
  • This project promises to significantly enhance our ability to predict and prevent diseases driven by environmental factors.