Correction to: Tourism adaptability amid the climate change and air pollution in BRICS: a method of moments quantile...

Outdoor Air PollutionAir pollution happens when harmful gases, dust, smoke, or chemicals enter our air. These pollutants can come from cars, factories, wildfires, or everyday activities like aerosol sprays. There are two types of pollution: indoor and outdoor air pollution. Outdoor air pollution, in particular, includes emissions released into the open air, where they mix with the atmosphere and can travel great distances. Polluted air can cause health problems for people, harm animals, damage...

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.

Indoor Air PollutionWhen we think of air pollution, we often imagine smoggy skies or factory smoke, but indoor air pollution can be just as harmful. Air pollutants like dust, mold, chemicals from cleaning products, smoke, and gases like carbon monoxide can build up inside homes, schools, and buildings. Poor ventilation can make the problem worse, leading to health issues like allergies, asthma, or headaches. Learning about indoor air pollution helps us understand where these pollutants come...

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques used to develop, improve, and optimize processes. It is particularly valuable when many input variables or factors potentially influence a response variable.
The process of RSM involves several key steps:

Health Hazards of Air PollutionAir pollution doesn’t just harm the environment; it can also profoundly affect human health. Breathing polluted air can cause problems like asthma, allergies, lung diseases, and even heart conditions. Tiny particles, harmful gases like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or chemicals from vehicles and factories can enter our lungs and bloodstream. Both outdoor and indoor air pollution can impact people, especially children, the elderly, and those...

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...