The basis of cell cryopreservation

Cryopreservation (banking) techniques have been known to nature for centuries. Many species of insects, amphibians, fish and even reptiles use natural cryopreservation methods to survive the harsh conditions of winter or to live in extremely cold temperatures. Cryopreservation and dreams of immortality have intrigued humanity for years. The first reports of observing the effects of freezing sperm (stored in snow) date back to 1776. In 1866, Montegazza was the first to suggest a vision completely unimaginable for the time: "a man dying on the battlefield can conceive an heir from sperm frozen and stored at home". The first, at that time still unsuccessful, reports of laboratory freezing of human sperm date back to the 1930s [1]. Finally, mankind "learned" cryopreservation in the middle of the twentieth century, when on October 15, 1949, the article "Revival of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures" appeared in print in the Nature journal, summarising the pioneering research of scientists from the National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London [2]. This concerned the freezing of fowl sperm in the presence of glycerol, ethylene glycol and propylene glycol in such a way that after thawing it was able to fertilise eggs effectively. The subsequent use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) revolutionised modern cryobiology [3-5]. Thus began the era of cryopreservation, without which today it is difficult to imagine the work of cell biology laboratories, modern animal breeding, or the development of modern medicine.