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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Water Cycle01:26

Water Cycle

Water Cycle The water cycle describes how water continuously moves through the Earth's atmosphere, surface, and underground layers. This process includes evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff. The sun drives the cycle by providing energy for evaporation, while gravity moves water through systems and returns it to bodies of water. The water cycle is essential for replenishing freshwater sources, supporting ecosystems, and regulating climate. Scientists can better...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
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Related Experiment Video

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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Interaction between dry and hot extremes at a global scale using a cascade modeling framework.

Sourav Mukherjee1, Ashok Kumar Mishra2, Jakob Zscheischler3

  • 1Glenn Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Climate change intensifies dry and hot extremes. This study reveals how drying influences heating and vice-versa, improving predictions of these cascading effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Extreme Weather Events
  • System Dynamics

Background:

  • Climate change exacerbates dry and hot extremes globally.
  • The mechanisms and temporal scales of causal links between these extremes are not well understood.
  • Cascading effects (CEs) between drying and heating events require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cross-scale interactions in dry-to-hot and hot-to-dry extreme event networks.
  • To quantify the magnitude, temporal scale, and physical drivers of cascading effects.
  • To understand the predictability of compound extreme events and their impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized system dynamics to analyze interactions between dry and hot extremes.
  • Quantified cascading effects (CEs) of drying-on-heating and heating-on-drying globally.
  • Identified hotspots of strong CEs and analyzed their hydroclimatic drivers and timescales.

Main Results:

  • Locations with strong dry-to-hot and hot-to-dry CEs generally overlap.
  • CE timescales and drivers differ: drying-on-heating is immediate (vapor pressure deficit, evapotranspiration, precipitation), while heating-on-drying is gradual (evapotranspiration, precipitation, net radiation, ecosystem factors).
  • Sensitivity to soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and background aridity varies between CEs.

Conclusions:

  • The study clarifies the causal linkages between dry and hot extremes.
  • Findings enhance the understanding and predictability of compound extreme events.
  • Results provide insights into the complex interactions within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum under climate change.