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Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin...
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Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
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Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
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Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
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When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Psychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis: a biological perspective on synaptic and network dysfunction.

Giulia Menculini1, Andrea Mancini2, Lorenzo Gaetani2

  • 1Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
|January 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Psychiatric symptoms are common in multiple sclerosis (MS) but often missed. These symptoms stem from brain damage and network dysfunction, impacting disease management.

Keywords:
MULTIPLE SCLEROSISNEUROIMMUNOLOGYPSYCHIATRY

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Psychiatric symptoms are prevalent in multiple sclerosis (MS), ranging from distinct disorders to isolated manifestations.
  • These symptoms significantly increase disease burden but are frequently misdiagnosed and undertreated.
  • Current disease activity assessments often overlook psychiatric features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biological underpinnings of psychiatric manifestations in MS.
  • To highlight the role of synaptic and neural network dysfunction in MS-related psychopathology.
  • To understand MS psychiatric symptoms as a disconnection syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing human and experimental disease models.
  • Analysis of biological mechanisms contributing to psychiatric symptoms in MS.
  • Focus on inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes.

Main Results:

  • Psychiatric symptoms in MS arise from both psychological responses to disability and structural central nervous system damage.
  • Synaptic and neural network dysfunction are key pathogenic factors.
  • Evidence suggests MS psychopathology is a disconnection syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • Psychiatric symptoms in MS are integral to the disease's biological basis, linked to diffuse brain damage.
  • Understanding these biological links is crucial for improving diagnosis and treatment.
  • MS-related psychiatric issues reflect a broader pattern of neural disconnection.