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Related Concept Videos

Behaviorism01:28

Behaviorism

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The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Innate Behavior01:10

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Innate BehaviorInnate behavior is a type of instinctive action that animals are born knowing how to perform, without needing to learn or practice. Examples include baby sea turtles heading straight for the ocean after hatching or spiders spinning webs without instruction. These behaviors are hardwired into their brains and bodies to support survival. Common innate behaviors include migration, hibernation, feeding reflexes, and courtship dances, which are automatic responses that help animals...
Reinforcement Schedules01:24

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Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
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Operant Conditioning01:21

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Operant conditioning, a key concept in behavioral psychology, involves using reinforcement and punishment to alter the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. B.F. introduced this type of conditioning. Skinner focused on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them, influencing whether these behaviors will be strengthened or diminished.
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Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse
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Spontaneous behaviour is structured by reinforcement without explicit reward.

Jeffrey E Markowitz1,2, Winthrop F Gillis1, Maya Jay1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Nature
|January 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dopamine fluctuations in the brain

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Spontaneous animal behavior is composed of action modules sequenced by the brain.
  • Neural mechanisms controlling naturalistic, self-motivated behavior remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of dopamine in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) during spontaneous behavior.
  • Understand how dopamine fluctuations shape behavioral sequences and module expression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized photometric recordings and optogenetic manipulations in mice during open field exploration.
  • Calibrated closed-loop optogenetics to precisely control dopamine levels.

Main Results:

  • Dopamine fluctuations in the DLS correlate with spontaneous behavioral module sequencing.
  • DLS dopamine influences sequence variation, module reinforcement over time, and behavioral vigor.
  • Optogenetic dopamine manipulation effects varied across modules and individuals, predicted by endogenous dopamine relationships.

Conclusions:

  • Dopamine in the DLS may act as a teaching signal, guiding mice to maximize dopamine during sequence generation.
  • Suggests that circuits involved in structured tasks also shape unconstrained, spontaneous behaviors.