Charming synergies: the role of charm-threshold studies in the search for physics beyond the Standard Model

Atomic Structure (Proton, Neutron and electron)All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. Each atom has three primary subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge, are located in the nucleus, while electrons, which have a negative charge, orbit around the nucleus in energy levels. The number of protons determines the identity of an element, while neutrons affect an atom’s mass, and electrons...

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:

In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
A particle with charge q, speed v, and mass m enters an area from the top, where the magnetic and electric fields are perpendicular both to the particle's motion and to one another. The...

Rutherford's Atomic ModelIn 1911, New Zealand-born scientist Ernest Rutherford conducted a groundbreaking experiment known as the gold foil experiment, which significantly changed how scientists understood atomic structure. At the time, J.J. Thomson’s "Plum Pudding Model" proposed that atoms were made of a positively charged sphere with electrons scattered throughout.Science and Engineering Practices (SEP): Developing and Using ModelsRutherford’s model was the first to describe atoms as...

Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
Their closest cousins are neutron stars, which are composed almost entirely of neutrons packed against each other, making them extremely dense. A neutron star has the same mass as the Sun but its diameter is only a few kilometers. Therefore, the escape velocity from their surface is close to the speed of light.
Not until the 1960s, when the first neutron...