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Single-Leg Squat and Reported Pain in Collegiate Softball Pitchers.

Katherine M Everhart¹, Kenzie B Friesen², Nicole M Bordelon¹

¹Sports Medicine & Movement Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

|January 19, 2023

Summary

Softball pitchers with upper extremity pain do not exhibit different single-leg squat (SLS) mechanics compared to those without pain. Drive-leg mechanics demonstrated greater stability during the SLS than stride-leg mechanics.

Keywords:

lumbopelvic hip complex upper extremity pain windmill softball pitch

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Sports Medicine
Orthopedics

Background:

Single-leg squat (SLS) performance is linked to altered mechanics that may increase injury risk in windmill softball pitchers.
It remains unclear if SLS kinematics differ between pitchers experiencing upper extremity pain and those who are pain-free.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare knee valgus, trunk rotation, lateral flexion, and flexion during an SLS in collegiate softball pitchers with and without upper extremity pain.
To test the hypothesis that pitchers with upper extremity pain exhibit increased compensatory trunk and knee kinematics.

Main Methods:

A controlled laboratory study involving 75 collegiate softball players (20 with pain, 55 without pain).
Kinematic data were collected using an electromagnetic tracking system during single-leg squats.
A mixed-design multivariate analysis of variance was employed to analyze differences in lower body mechanics.

Main Results:

No significant differences in SLS kinematics were found between collegiate softball pitchers with and without upper extremity pain.
A significant main effect of phase (descent vs. ascent) and a phase-by-side interaction were observed.
Drive-leg mechanics exhibited greater stability during the SLS compared to stride-leg mechanics.

Conclusions:

Single-leg squat mechanics do not appear to differ between collegiate softball pitchers with and without reported upper extremity pain.
Drive-leg mechanics are more stable during the single-leg squat compared to stride-leg mechanics in this population.