Conditioning of microvascular venous flaps in rats

Venous-only perfusion flaps have not been used widely because of the associated high failure rate. Tissue conditioning offers a broad scope of techniques that can be applied pre-, peri-, or postoperatively to promote the adaptation of the affected tissue to any subsequent stress. This study aimed to assess the survival rates associated with a pure venous perfusion flap and investigate whether the timing of the vascular conditioning can affect free flap survival. Forty-four rats were included in the experiment. Group I underwent veno-arterial anastomoses with epigastric graft with pure venous perfusion without tissue conditioning. Groups II and III were pretreated for 7 or 14 days with ischemic conditioning. These groups were compared with a control group (group IV) of conventionally perfused flaps. After the initial surgery, all flaps were assessed clinically, photometrically, and by indocyanine green videoangiography. The flap success rates were 0% in group I, 49.97% ± 24.34% in group II, and 64.95% ± 20.36% in group III. The control group showed an overall survival of 89.3% ± 6.51%. With suitable conditioning, pure venous blood supply can provide adequate perfusion in the rat epigastric flap model. The timing of vascular conditioning appears to be critical for flap survival.