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Synthesis and Functionalization of Graphene Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances, Challenges, and
Yuqin Xiao1,2,3, Yoong Xin Pang1,2, Yuxin Yan4
1Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China.
Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|January 20, 2023
Summary
Graphene materials like pristine graphene (p-G), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) show biomedical promise. Functionalization is key to improving their safety and efficacy for various applications.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical Engineering
- Materials Science
- Nanotechnology
Background:
- Graphene, a 2D material discovered in 2004, possesses unique properties making it attractive for biomedical applications.
- Its high surface area, mechanical strength, and electronic properties are particularly relevant for in vitro and in vivo uses.
- Bare graphene materials often exhibit undesirable biological interactions, necessitating modifications for safe and effective use.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review synthesis and characterization methods for pristine graphene (p-G), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO).
- To explore functionalization strategies to enhance graphene's biocompatibility, reduce toxicity, and add functionalities for biomedical applications.
- To discuss the in vivo and in vitro behavior of graphene materials and their potential biomedical applications, challenges, and future outlook.
Main Methods:
- Summarized six common synthesis techniques for p-G, GO, and rGO.
- Reviewed characterization methods for assessing graphene material properties.
- Detailed functionalization approaches and evaluated their impact on graphene's biological performance.
Main Results:
- Functionalization significantly improves graphene's biocompatibility and reduces toxicity for biomedical applications.
- Controlled parameters like dose (<20 mg kg⁻¹), size (50–1000 nm), and functionalization are crucial for successful in vivo applications.
- Graphene materials demonstrate potential in various biomedical fields, though challenges remain.
Conclusions:
- Graphene materials, particularly when functionalized, offer significant potential in the biomedical domain.
- Careful control over synthesis, functionalization, and application parameters is essential for maximizing benefits and minimizing risks.
- Further research is needed to overcome current challenges and fully realize the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of graphene.
