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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Dynamical classification of topological quantum phases.

Lin Zhang1, Long Zhang1, Sen Niu1

  • 1International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China.

Science Bulletin
|January 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers propose a new method to characterize and detect topological quantum phases using non-equilibrium dynamics. This approach simplifies classification by focusing on band inversion surfaces and utilizes spin dynamics for high-precision detection.

Keywords:
Band inversion surfaceBulk-surface dualityDynamical topological invariantQuench dynamicsSynthetic gauge fieldTopological quantum phaseUltracold atoms

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Topological phases of matter are a significant area of research, but their classification, synthesis, and detection face ongoing theoretical and experimental challenges.
  • Current methods for characterizing topological states are incomplete, necessitating novel approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a universal non-equilibrium characterization for equilibrium topological quantum phases classified by integers.
  • To propose high-precision dynamical schemes for detecting these topological states.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a dynamical classification theory based on fundamental theorems.
  • Reducing the classification of d-dimensional gapped topological phases to a (d-1)-dimensional invariant on band inversion surfaces (BISs).
  • Analyzing (pseudo) spin dynamics during quantum quenches across phase boundaries to reveal topological patterns on BISs.

Main Results:

  • Uncovered a bulk-surface duality simplifying topological characterization by relating d-dimensional phases to (d-1)-dimensional invariants on BISs.
  • Demonstrated a dynamical bulk-surface correspondence where spin dynamics on BISs reflect post-quench bulk topology.
  • Introduced a dynamical topological invariant measured from emergent spin-texture fields on BISs for phase classification.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework offers a new paradigm for classifying and detecting topological phases through non-equilibrium quantum dynamics.
  • The study presents feasible experimental strategies for high-precision detection of topological phases.
  • This work opens a new research direction at the intersection of non-equilibrium dynamics and topological matter.