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Updated: Aug 13, 2025

Simulation of Early Earth Hydrothermal Chimneys in a Thermal Gradient Environment
Published on: February 27, 2021
Coupled Fe-S isotope composition of sulfide chimneys dominated by temperature heterogeneity in seafloor hydrothermal
Shujie Wang1, Weidong Sun2, Jing Huang1
1Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
Abstract:
Seafloor hydrothermal chimneys are significant metal resources and have fundamental effects on marine chemistry balance. Previous studies on growth of the chimneys focused on mineral composition and elemental distribution in chimney walls, but the isotopic composition of different elements and their correlations remain poorly understood. Here, we report lateral Fe and S isotopes from sulfides across a chimney wall in detail from the Deyin-1 hydrothermal field (DHF) on the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Pyrite was characterized by increases in both δ34S and δ56Fe from the exterior to the interior within the chimney wall, which is likely related to enhanced S and Fe isotope fractionation between pyrite and fluids derived from the temperature gradient. Furthermore, δ56Fe displayed a well-defined, linear, positive correlation with δ34S in pyrite from the DHF as well as in pyrite from other areas. A model of hydrothermal pyrite formation suggests that, under conditions with uniform hydrothermal fluid, different temperatures and similar pyrite-fluid exchange degrees could result in the observed linear relationships between δ34S and δ56Fe. The regular and coupled Fe-S isotope variations within the chimney wall efficiently constrain the process of hydrothermal sulfide formation.
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