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Updated: Aug 13, 2025

Simulation of Early Earth Hydrothermal Chimneys in a Thermal Gradient Environment
Published on: February 27, 2021
Hydrothermal ore deposits in collisional orogens
Yongfei Zheng1, Jingwen Mao2, Yanjing Chen3
1Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
Hydrothermal ore deposits form in continental crust through plate tectonics. Collisional orogens, previously thought unfavorable, host significant metal enrichment due to pre-enrichment from subduction and later reactivation by extension.
Area of Science:
- Geology
- Economic Geology
- Tectonics
Background:
- Hydrothermal ore deposits are linked to felsic magmatism in extensional settings with high thermal gradients.
- Collisional orogens, typically compressional with low thermal gradients, were not considered favorable for ore deposit formation.
- Recent discoveries highlight significant ore deposits in China's collisional orogens.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explain the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits in collisional orogens.
- To investigate the role of pre-enrichment and reactivation in metallogenesis.
- To reconcile the formation of ore deposits with compressional tectonic settings.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of tectonic processes at convergent plate boundaries.
- Geochemical differentiation modeling.
- Study of mantle wedge metasomatism.
- Investigation of extensional reactivation in orogenic lithosphere.
Main Results:
- Oceanic subduction precedes continental collision, enriching the mantle wedge with metals via slab-derived fluids.
- Pre-enriched metal domains in the lithosphere are reactivated by extensional tectonism.
- Progressive metal enrichment occurs through geochemical differentiation across subducting crust, mantle, and juvenile crust.
Conclusions:
- Continental collision can host hydrothermal ore deposits despite compressional regimes.
- Pre-enrichment of ore-forming elements during prior subduction is crucial.
- Reactivation of these enriched domains by continental rifting is key to metallogenesis in collisional orogens.
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