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Medical Augmented Reality: Definition, Principle Components, Domain Modeling, and Design-Development-Validation

Nassir Navab1, Alejandro Martin-Gomez1,2, Matthias Seibold1,3

  • 1Computer Aided Medical Procedures & Augmented Reality, Technical University Munich, DE-85748 Garching, Germany.

Journal of Imaging
|January 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This paper clarifies Medical Augmented Reality (MAR) by defining its core components and design processes. It uses past applications to illustrate the principles of MAR system development and validation for medical education and surgery.

Keywords:
Artificial IntelligenceAugmented RealityMedical Augmented Realityacoustic sensingcomputer visionmulti-modal sensingperceptual visualizationsonificationsurgical data sciencevalidation

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Area of Science:

  • Computer-aided medicine
  • Medical imaging and visualization
  • Surgical technology

Background:

  • Medical Augmented Reality (MAR) has existed for decades, with initial deployments in operating rooms 10 years ago.
  • Despite its history, a clear definition, component breakdown, and systematic design/validation process for MAR remain underexplored.
  • Existing MAR solutions lack a unified framework for understanding their fundamental elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the essential components common to all Augmented Reality (AR) solutions.
  • To extend these definitions to exemplary Medical Augmented Reality Systems (MARS).
  • To discuss the domain modeling, design-development-validation process specific to MAR.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of original MARS applications developed for medical schools and operating rooms.
  • Identification of core components within these historical MARS applications.
  • Examination of the design, development, and validation methodologies employed.

Main Results:

  • A clear definition of fundamental AR components applicable to MAR.
  • Exemplary MARS applications are presented to illustrate these components.
  • A discussion on the specific domain modeling and the design-development-validation lifecycle for MAR.

Conclusions:

  • Establishing a foundational understanding of MAR components is crucial for future advancements.
  • The paper provides a framework for the systematic design and validation of MAR systems.
  • This work contributes to the standardization and effective implementation of MAR in medical education and surgical practice.