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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Electrochemically Stable Li3-In1-HfCl6 Halide Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Batteries.

Heng Wang1, Yuxiang Li1, Ya Tang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Hafnium substitution in lithium indium chloride solid electrolytes enhances ionic conductivity without compromising electrochemical stability. This breakthrough enables high-performance all-solid-state batteries with improved capacity and cycling.

Keywords:
aliovalent substitutionelectrochemical stabilityhalide solid electrolyteionic conductivity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Halide solid electrolytes (SEs) offer high ionic conductivity and oxidative stability, crucial for energy storage.
  • Aliovalent substitution improves ionic conductivity but often reduces electrochemical stability in halide SEs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hafnium (Hf) substitution in Li3InCl6 solid electrolytes.
  • To enhance ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of halide SEs.
  • To develop high-performance all-solid-state batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized Hf-substituted Li3InCl6 (Li3-xIn1-xHfxCl6) solid electrolytes.
  • Characterized ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability.
  • Fabricated and tested all-solid-state batteries using the optimized SE.

Main Results:

  • Low concentrations of Hf substitution (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) enhanced ionic conductivity without decreasing electrochemical stability.
  • Li2.7In0.7Hf0.3Cl6 exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 1.28 mS cm⁻¹ and a wide electrochemical stability window (2.68–4.22 V).
  • All-solid-state batteries demonstrated high discharge capacity and good cycling stability at 25 °C.

Conclusions:

  • Hf substitution is an effective strategy for optimizing halide solid electrolytes.
  • The developed Li2.7In0.7Hf0.3Cl6 shows promise for advanced all-solid-state batteries.
  • Crystal structure regulation via aliovalent substitution is key for designing novel halide SEs.