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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
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Extracellular Vesicles: New Classification and Tumor Immunosuppression.

Mona Sheta1,2, Eman A Taha3, Yanyin Lu1,4

  • 1Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key communicators in cancer, influencing tumor growth, immune evasion, and treatment resistance. Understanding these vesicles is vital for developing new cancer therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by cells, containing diverse molecular cargoes.
  • EVs mediate intercellular communication, influencing recipient cell functions in various tissues.
  • Classical EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies; newer types like autophagic and stressed EVs are also recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify classical and newly discovered EVs and non-EV nanoparticles.
  • To review the role of EVs in intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment.
  • To elucidate the impact of cancer-derived EVs on tumor progression, immune responses, and treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and classification of EV types.
  • Analysis of studies detailing EV-mediated intercellular communication in cancer.
  • Synthesis of evidence on cancer EVs' roles in immunosuppression, resistance, and metastasis.

Main Results:

  • Cancer EVs are crucial mediators of immunosuppression, immune evasion, and resistance to immunotherapy, potentially converting "hot" tumors to "cold" ones.
  • EVs derived from cancer cells promote non-immune cell transformation, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
  • Cancer EVs facilitate tumor progression by enhancing chemoresistance, matrix production, barrier destruction, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastatic niche formation.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular vesicles play a multifaceted role in cancer progression and therapy resistance.
  • Targeting cancer EVs presents a promising strategy for novel cancer treatments.
  • Further research into EV classification and function is essential for advancing cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.