Translational Considerations in the Development of Intranasal Treatments for Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a common and serious neurological disorder, to which a high proportion of patients continue to be considered "drug-resistant", despite the availability of a host of anti-seizure drugs. Investigation into new treatment strategies is therefore of great importance. One such strategy is the use of the nose to deliver drugs directly to the brain with the help of pharmaceutical formulation to overcome the physical challenges presented by this route. The following review explores intranasal delivery of anti-seizure drugs, covering the link between the nose and seizures, pathways from the nose to the brain, current formulations in clinical use, animal seizure models and their proposed application in studying intranasal treatments, and a critical discussion of relevant pre-clinical studies in the literature.