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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 13, 2025

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Lp(a) - an overlooked risk factor.

Luke J Laffin1, Steven E Nissen1

  • 1Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
|January 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease affecting up to 30% of people. Research is exploring therapies to lower Lp(a) and reduce cardiovascular events.

Keywords:
HypercholesterolemiaHyperlipidemiaLipidsLipoprotein(a)Risk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a significant risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic valve stenosis.
  • Genetic and epidemiological studies confirm Lp(a)'s causal role in cardiovascular disease incidence.
  • Elevated Lp(a) affects an estimated 20-30% of the global population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the genetics and pathophysiology of Lp(a).
  • To discuss epidemiological data on Lp(a) and cardiovascular disease.
  • To outline current screening recommendations and emerging pharmacotherapies for Lp(a) lowering.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic and epidemiological studies.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Survey of ongoing and developing pharmacotherapies.

Main Results:

  • Lp(a) levels are primarily genetically determined and resistant to lifestyle changes.
  • Significant evidence supports Lp(a) as a causal factor in cardiovascular disease.
  • Multiple pharmacotherapies targeting Lp(a) reduction are under development.

Conclusions:

  • Lp(a) is a prevalent, genetically driven risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
  • Effective screening and management strategies are crucial.
  • Pharmacological Lp(a) lowering holds promise for reducing cardiovascular events.