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Alarm communication predates eusociality in termites.

David Sillam-Dussès1, Vojtěch Jandák2, Petr Stiblik3

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Summary

Termites and the wood roach Cryptocercus use vibratory alarm signals, an ancient trait. Chemical alarms evolved separately, with Neoisoptera termites developing complex, combined communication systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Entomology
  • Animal Behavior
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Termites (Blattodea: Isoptera) exhibit specialized defensive strategies for colony protection.
  • Alarm communication is crucial for worker evasion and soldier recruitment during threats.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate vibroacoustic and chemical alarm communication across diverse termite species and the wood roach Cryptocercus.
  • To determine the evolutionary origins and patterns of alarm signaling in termites.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of vibratory and chemical alarm signals in 20 termite species and Cryptocercus.
  • Phylogenetic and ecological correlation of alarm signal characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Vibratory alarm signals are an ethological synapomorphy shared by termites and Cryptocercus.
  • Chemical alarms have evolved independently multiple times in cockroaches and termites.
  • Vibroacoustic signaling is most complex in Neoisoptera, often integrated with chemical signals.
  • Alarm signal complexity correlates with phylogenetic position, diet, foraging, and nesting habits.

Conclusions:

  • Vibratory alarm signaling is a foundational trait in the termite lineage.
  • Neoisoptera termites possess the most sophisticated alarm communication systems, potentially driving their ecological success.