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Schooling behavior driven complexities in a fear-induced prey-predator system with harvesting under deterministic and
1Department of Mathematics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India.
Scientific Reports
|January 22, 2023
Summary
This study models predator-prey dynamics incorporating fear and schooling behavior. Environmental fluctuations can lead to species extinction, highlighting the fragility of ecosystems under disturbance.
Area of Science:
- Ecology
- Mathematical Biology
- Environmental Science
Background:
- Human well-being is intrinsically linked to ecosystem health and biodiversity.
- Industrialization has altered the human-nature relationship, necessitating ecosystem protection.
- Biodiversity conservation is crucial for ensuring the future of our planet's ecosystems.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate a prey-predator model incorporating fear effects on prey birth/death rates and nonlinear harvesting.
- To analyze the impact of predator consumption rates, influenced by schooling behavior, on ecosystem dynamics.
- To explore local stability, bifurcations, and the effects of environmental fluctuations on the model.
Main Methods:
- Mathematical modeling of prey-predator interactions with fear and schooling behavior.
- Analysis of equilibrium points and bifurcations (transcritical, saddle-node, Hopf, Bogdanov-Takens).
- Stochastic simulations to study model behavior in fluctuating environments, including time series, histograms, and stationary distributions.
Main Results:
- Fear, predator consumption rate, and harvesting effort introduce complex dynamics, particularly near Bogdanov-Takens points.
- Harvesting effort exhibits both stabilizing and destabilizing effects on the ecosystem.
- Bistability exists between species coexistence and predator-free states.
- Environmental disturbances cause species to fluctuate around deterministic steady states at low levels but can lead to extinction at higher levels.
Conclusions:
- The model demonstrates complex ecological dynamics influenced by fear, schooling, and harvesting.
- Environmental stochasticity plays a critical role, with higher disturbances posing a significant extinction risk.
- Understanding these dynamics is vital for effective biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management.
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