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A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
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Peptide-based coacervates in therapeutic applications.

Lilusi Ma1,2, Xiaocui Fang1,2, Chen Wang1,2

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|January 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Peptide-based coacervates, formed via liquid-liquid phase separation, are crucial for cellular functions and disease research. This review explores their mechanisms, applications in biomimetic protocells, and potential in treating diseases.

Keywords:
coacervatecomplex assemblyliquid liquid phase separationpeptideself-assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Coacervates are liquid droplets formed by liquid-liquid phase separation.
  • Peptides are increasingly recognized for their role in coacervate formation and cellular processes, including membraneless organelles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review different types of peptide-based coacervates and their interaction principles.
  • To summarize the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms governing peptide coacervation.
  • To highlight applications in biomimetic protocells, disease, and drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of peptide coacervate formation and function.
  • Analysis of factors influencing phase separation (salt, pH, temperature).
  • Examination of recent studies on therapeutic applications.

Main Results:

  • Peptides with diverse structures (α-helices, β-sheets, disordered regions) drive coacervation.
  • Factors like salt, pH, and temperature significantly modulate coacervate phase separation.
  • Peptide coacervates show promise in biomimetic systems and disease modulation.

Conclusions:

  • Peptide-based coacervates offer versatile platforms for biological applications.
  • Understanding their formation and behavior is key to unlocking their therapeutic potential.
  • Future research should address challenges for broader clinical translation.