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π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

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The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X₂ to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

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Updated: Aug 13, 2025

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Published on: September 28, 2016

C2-insertion into a fullerene orifice.

Yoshifumi Hashikawa¹, Yasujiro Murata¹

¹Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|January 23, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We computationally examined inserting a C2 unit into a fullerene orifice. This process expands the fullerene cage, enlarging the opening and increasing internal space, as shown by water molecule movement.

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Area of Science:

Fullerenes and Nanomaterials
Computational Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Fullerenes are carbon-based molecules with unique cage structures.
Modifying fullerene cages can alter their properties and potential applications.
Cage expansion in fullerenes is a key area for developing novel carbon nanomaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the computational mechanism of C2 unit insertion into fullerene orifices.
To determine if C2 embedment can lead to fullerene cage expansion.
To analyze the impact of cage expansion on the fullerene's internal space.

Main Methods:

Computational examination of C2 insertion into fullerene structures.
Analysis of geometric changes in the fullerene orifice before and after C2 embedment.
Molecular dynamics simulations to observe the behavior of an encapsulated molecule (H2O).

Main Results:

Successful C2 insertion into a fullerene orifice was computationally modeled.
The fullerene orifice expanded from an octagonal to a decagonal shape.
Significant expansion of the fullerene's internal cavity was confirmed by H2O molecule dynamics.

Conclusions:

C2 unit embedment is a viable strategy for fullerene cage expansion.
Expanded fullerenes offer increased internal volume, potentially enhancing host-guest chemistry.
Computational methods are effective for elucidating mechanisms of fullerene modification.