The Bulla ocular circadian pacemaker. II. Chronic changes in membrane potential lengthen free running period

We have used intracellular recording to directly measure the effects of three experimental agents, light, elevated potassium seawater, and lowered sodium seawater on the membrane potential of the putative circadian pacemaker neurons of the Bulla eye. These agents were subsequently tested for effects on the free running period of the circadian pacemaker. We report that: 1. When applied to the eye, light and elevated potassium seawater depolarized the putative pacemaker neurons, while lowered sodium seawater hyperpolarized them. The membrane potential changes induced by these agents are sustained for at least one hour, suggesting that they produce persistent changes in the average membrane potential of the putative pacemaker neurons. 2. The amplitude of the membrane potential response to the depolarizing agents varies with the phase of the circadian cycle. Depolarizations induced by light and elevated potassium seawater are twice as large during the subjective night than they are during the subjective day. No significant difference was found in the response to lowered sodium seawater at different phases. 3. Continuous application of each of these agents caused a lengthening of the free running period of the Bulla eye. Constant light increased the period by 0.9 h, while the other depolarizing treatment (elevated potassium seawater) increased the free running period by 0.6 h. Both treatments increased the mean peak impulse frequency of treated eyes. The hyperpolarizing treatment also increased the period of the ocular pacemaker (+0.8 h), but had little effect on peak impulse frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)