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Channel-mediated ATP release in the nervous system
Nicholas Dale1, Jack Butler1, Valentin-Mihai Dospinescu1
1School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, AL, UK.
Neuropharmacology
|January 23, 2023
Summary
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released via channels, not just exocytosis, in the nervous system. This review explores channel-mediated ATP release, including novel "channel synapses" and their potential energy efficiency.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Cell Biology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as a key neurotransmitter and modulator in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.
- ATP is conventionally released via exocytosis at synapses, but also exhibits unusual release into the extracellular space through large-pored plasma membrane channels.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review known channels permeable to ATP and elucidate the functions of channel-mediated ATP release.
- To explore the implications of localized ATP release via channels, including "channel synapses" in taste buds and potential roles in other neural contexts.
- To compare the characteristics and energy efficiency of vesicular versus channel-mediated ATP release mechanisms.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of existing research on ATP release mechanisms.
- Analysis of studies documenting channel-mediated ATP release in various tissues, including taste buds.
- Discussion of potential roles for glial cells in both volume and localized ATP transmission.
Main Results:
- ATP can be released through plasma membrane channels, distinct from conventional exocytosis.
- Evidence suggests localized ATP release via channels at specialized "channel synapses" in taste buds.
- Glial cells are proposed as candidates for both volume and localized ATP transmission via channels.
- Channel synapses may offer an energy advantage over traditional vesicular synapses.
Conclusions:
- Channel-mediated ATP release is a significant pathway in neuronal and glial signaling.
- "Channel synapses" represent a newly recognized form of synaptic transmission with potential implications across the nervous system.
- The distinct mechanisms of ATP release (vesicular vs. channel) have different functional and energetic consequences.
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