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Related Concept Videos

Three-Phase Circuits01:22

Three-Phase Circuits

454
AC power distribution systems have three categories: single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase systems. The single-phase circuit, common in residential settings, typically employs a two-wire system connecting a single AC source to various loads. These circuits support standard household appliances operating at 120 volts (V) and 240 V, such as lamps, televisions, and microwaves. The first generators, Niagara Falls hydro plant installed in 1895, were two-phase and designed by Nikola Tesla. The...
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Power in a Three-Phase Circuit01:15

Power in a Three-Phase Circuit

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Three-phase systems have two configurations: the wye and delta. A star configuration can be three or four wires; in a delta configuration, the components are connected in a closed loop. Instantaneous power refers to the power value at a precise moment, and in a balanced three-phase system, it is constant. This is because the sum of the instantaneous powers in the three phases remains steady over time, despite individual fluctuations, due to the symmetry and phase relationship. The total...
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The Delta-to-Delta Circuit01:17

The Delta-to-Delta Circuit

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In a delta-delta configuration, the source and the load are connected in a delta manner, forming a closed loop that divides the network into three distinct phases. This configuration makes the phase voltages identical to line voltages. Assuming the sources are in positive sequence, the phase voltages can be expressed directly without having a neutral wire.
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Power Distribution in Three-phase and Single Phase Circuits01:17

Power Distribution in Three-phase and Single Phase Circuits

386
Power distribution within electrical circuits is a foundational aspect of residential and industrial energy systems. While single-phase power is common in residential settings, three-phase power is the standard for industrial environments with heavy machinery. Each system is different and has advantages, and it's crucial to understand the underlying principles of power distribution and material efficiency.
Single-Phase Power Distribution:
Single-phase circuits are typical in household...
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Cell Co-culture Patterning Using Aqueous Two-phase Systems
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Two-phase designs with current status data.

Fangya Mao1, Richard J Cook1

  • 1Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.

Statistics in Medicine
|January 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces novel two-phase designs for analyzing event times using current status data and genetic markers. It optimizes phase II subsample selection to precisely estimate marker effects on disease risk.

Keywords:
current status datainverse probability weightslikelihoodselection modelsub-sampling

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Area of Science:

  • Biostatistics
  • Epidemiology
  • Clinical Trial Design

Background:

  • Two-phase studies are common in observational research for assessing disease risk factors.
  • Current status data, common in epidemiological studies, presents unique challenges for time-to-event analysis.
  • Estimating the association between genetic markers and disease onset requires efficient study designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and analyze optimal two-phase study designs for current status data.
  • To maximize the precision of estimating marker effects on event times under proportional hazards models.
  • To investigate the impact of assessment time on study design and inference.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a large phase I cohort with outcome and covariate data.
  • Selecting a phase II subsample for marker assay to enhance precision.
  • Employing likelihood and inverse probability weighted estimating functions.
  • Considering designs based on score residuals, extreme observations, and stratified sampling.

Main Results:

  • The study addresses the novel problem of phase II subsample selection for current status data.
  • Highlights the critical role of assessment time in the design and analysis.
  • Compares different sampling strategies for maximizing precision.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed two-phase designs offer a framework for efficiently studying marker-event time relationships with current status data.
  • The findings are applicable to various epidemiological settings, such as studying comorbidity risk.
  • This research provides a methodological advancement for observational studies with genetic markers.